2. The stations shall be installed in such a way as to prevent free access to all areas of the Moon by personnel, vehicles and equipment of other States Parties carrying out activities on the Moon in accordance with this Convention or article 1 of the Treaty on Principles Governing the Activity of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space; including the moon and other celestial bodies. On 16 June 1966, the United States and the Soviet Union submitted draft treaties. The American project dealt only with celestial bodies; Soviet design covered the entire space environment. The United States accepted the Soviet position on the scope of the treaty, and in September the Geneva talks reached agreement on most of the treaty`s provisions. Differences on the few remaining issues — including access to facilities on celestial bodies, reports on space activities and the use of military equipment and personnel in space exploration — were satisfactorily resolved in closed consultations during the General Assembly until December. Desiring to prevent the Moon from becoming a zone of international conflict, 5. The States Parties to this Convention undertake to establish an international regime, including appropriate procedures, to regulate the exploitation of the natural resources of the Moon, which is about to become feasible. This provision shall be implemented in accordance with Article 18 of this Agreement. Recalling its resolution 2779 (XXVI) of 29. November 1971, in which it requested the Commission on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space and its Sub-Committee on Legal Affairs to consider the question of the elaboration of a draft international treaty on the Moon, as well as its resolution 2915 (XXVII) of 9 November 1972, 3182 (XXVIII) of 18 December 1973, 3234 (XXIX) of 12 November 1974, 3388 (XXX) of 18 November 1975, 31/8 of 8 November 1976, 32/196 A of 20 December 1977 and 33/16 of 10 November 1978, in which it promoted, inter alia, the drafting of a treaty on the Moon. The treaty was finalized in 1979 and entered into force for ratifying parties in 1984 after fulfilling the requirement that 5 ratifying States were required.
As of January 2019, 18 states were parties to the treaty[1], seven of which had ratified the agreement and the rest had acceded to it. [1] [17] Four other states have signed the treaty but have not ratified it. [1] [17] The L5 Society and others successfully opposed the ratification of the treaty by the U.S. Senate. [18] [19] A State Party that has knowledge of the crash landing, forced landing or any other involuntary landing on the Moon of a space object or its components that it has not launched shall immediately inform the Launch State Party and the Secretary-General of the United Nations. Outer space, including the Moon and other celestial bodies, is free to explore and use by all States without discrimination of any kind, on the basis of equality and in accordance with international law, and there is free access to all areas of the celestial body. (2) The Moon shall not be subject to national appropriation by any claim of sovereignty, by use or occupation or by any other means. (1) On the Moon, all States Parties shall be subject to a free scientific investigation, without discrimination of any kind, on the basis of equality and in accordance with international law. Existing international agreements on outer space deal with security, conflict prevention, protection of monuments, knowledge exchange and assistance in emergencies. These are all human-centered concerns; The purpose of the statement is to give the moon its own voice, as a celestial body with an ancient existence separate from human perception, Gooch said. There is freedom for scientific research in space, including the moon and other celestial bodies, and States facilitate and promote international cooperation in such investigations.
6. In order to facilitate the establishment of the international regulations referred to in paragraph 5 of this article, States Parties shall inform the Secretary-General of the United Nations, as well as the public and the international scientific community, to the extent possible and to the extent possible, of all natural resources they may discover on the Moon. 1 The dates shown are the earliest dates on which countries signed the agreements or deposited their ratifications or accessions – whether in Washington, London, Moscow or New York. In the case of a country that was a dependent territory and became a party by succession upon death, the date indicated is the date on which the country announced that it would continue to be bound by the terms of the agreement. 2. The States parties recognize that the detailed rules on liability for damage to the Moon are in addition to the provisions of the Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space, including the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies, and the Convention on International Liability for Damage Caused by Space Objects, may become necessary due to more extensive activities on the moon. Such agreements shall be drawn up in accordance with the procedure laid down in Article 18. 3. When carrying out activities under this Convention, States Parties shall immediately inform the Secretary-General, the public and the international scientific community of any phenomena they discover in outer space, including the Moon, that could endanger human life or health, and of any signs of organic life. After another ten years of negotiations, the Moon Treaty was created in 1979 as a framework of laws to develop a regime of detailed procedures, and as such it remained inaccurate: Its Article 11.5 states that the exploitation of the natural is regulated by an international regime that would establish the appropriate procedures.
To define this regime or these laws, a number of United Nations-sponsored conferences have been organized, but they have not resulted in a consensus. The current disagreement is based mainly on the importance of the « common heritage of humanity » and on the rights of each country to the natural resources of the moon. [6] After the signing of the Treaty on the Limited Nuclear-Test-Ban, the position of the Soviet Union changed. It has stopped linking an agreement on outer space to the issue of foreign bases. On September 19, 1963, Foreign Minister Gromyko told the General Assembly that the Soviet Union wanted to conclude an agreement banning the orbit of objects carrying nuclear weapons. Ambassador Stevenson said that the United States had no intention of putting weapons of mass destruction into orbit, installing them on celestial bodies or stationing them in space. Adopted on 17 September. In October 1963, it unanimously adopted a resolution welcoming the Soviet and American declarations and calling on all States to refrain from introducing weapons of mass destruction into outer space.
States Parties shall carry out activities in the exploration and use of outer space, including the Moon and other celestial bodies, in accordance with international law, including the Charter of the United Nations, in accordance with international law, including the Charter of the United Nations, in the interest of the maintenance of international peace and security and the promotion of international cooperation and understanding. 2. States Parties shall inform the Secretary-General of the United Nations of the measures they have adopted pursuant to paragraph 1 of this article and, to the extent possible, shall notify the Secretary-General of the United Nations of any placement of radioactive material on the Moon that they have made and the purposes of such placement. (b) place their personnel, spacecraft, equipment, facilities, stations and facilities anywhere on or below the surface of the Moon. First, it contains the obligation not to enter orbit around the Earth, not to install nuclear weapons or other weapons of mass destruction on the Moon or any other celestial body, or otherwise stationed in outer space. 2. For the purposes of this Agreement, reference to the Moon shall include orbits or other trajectories to or around it. 1.
States Parties shall retain jurisdiction and control over their personnel, vehicles, equipment, facilities, stations and facilities on the Moon. The ownership of spacecraft, equipment, facilities, stations and facilities shall not be affected by their presence on the Moon. Recalling in particular that, in its resolution 33/16, the Council endorsed the recommendation of the Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space that the Subcommittee on Legal Affairs, at its eighteenth session, should continue its efforts to finalize the draft Moon Treaty as a matter of priority, 1. When exploring and using the Moon, States Parties shall take measures to prevent disturbance of the existing balance of its environment, whether by introducing adverse changes in that environment, by its harmful contamination by the introduction of non-environmental substances or by other means. States Parties shall also take measures to prevent harmful damage to the Earth`s environment caused by the introduction of extraterrestrial or other materials. 8. All activities relating to the natural resources of the Moon shall be carried out in a manner consistent with the objectives referred to in paragraph 7 of this Article and the provisions of Article 6(2). 3. The activities of the States Parties referred to in paragraphs 1 and 2 shall not adversely affect the activities of other States Parties on the Moon.
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